Why Disasters Seem More Numerous Now

I got a chuckle out of this review of technology by Anthony Watts on his blog Watts Up With That?. These advances mean information comes more timely, more reliably, to a larger audience, and persists longer than ever before:

Using this Wikipedia timeline as a start, I’ve created a timeline that tracks the earliest communications to the present, adding also severe weather events of note and weather and news technology improvements for context.

• Prior to 3500BC – Communication was carried out through paintings of indigenous tribes.


• 3500s BC – The Sumerians develop cuneiform writing and the Egyptians develop hieroglyphic writing


• 16th century BC – The Phoenicians develop an alphabet


• AD 26-37 – Roman Emperor Tiberius rules the empire from island of Capri by signaling messages with metal mirrors to reflect the sun


• 105 – Tsai Lun invents paper


• 7th century – Hindu-Malayan empires write legal documents on copper plate scrolls, and write other documents on more perishable media


• 751 – Paper is introduced to the Muslim world after the Battle of Talas


• 1305 – The Chinese develop wooden block movable type printing


• 1450 – Johannes Gutenberg finishes a printing press with metal movable type


• 1520 – Ships on Ferdinand Magellan‘s voyage signal to each other by firing cannon and raising flags.


• 1776 The Pointe-à-Pitre hurricane was at one point the deadliest Atlantic hurricane on record. At least 6,000 fatalities occurred on Guadeloupe, which was a higher death toll than any known hurricane before it. It also struck Louisiana, but there was no warning nor knowledge of the deaths on Guadeloupe when it did. It also affected Antigua and Martinique early in its duration.


• 1780 – The Great Hurricane of 1780, also known as Hurricane San Calixto is considered the deadliest Atlantic tropical cyclone of all time. About 22,000 people died when the storm swept over Martinique, St. Eustatius and Barbados between October 10 and October 16. Thousands of deaths also occurred offshore. Reports of this hurricane took weeks to reach US newspapers of the era.


• 1793 – Claude Chappe establishes the first long-distance semaphore telegraph line


• 1812 – The Aug. 19, 1812 New Orleans Hurricane that didn’t appear in the Daily National Intelligencer/(Washington, DC) until later September. Daily National Intelligencer. Sept. 22, 1812, p. 3. Dreadful Hurricane. The following letters present an account of the ravages of one of those terrific storms to which the Southern extreme of our continent is so subject. Extract of a letter from Gen. Wilkinson, dated New Orleans, August 22.


• 1831 – Joseph Henry proposes and builds an electric telegraph


• 1835 – Samuel Morse develops the Morse code


• 1843 – Samuel Morse builds the first long distance electric telegraph line


• 1844 – Charles Fenerty produces paper from a wood pulp, eliminating rag paper which was in limited supply


• 1849 – Associated Press organizes Nova Scotia pony express to carry latest European news for New York newspapers


• 1851 – The New York Times newspaper founded


• 1876 – Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A. Watson exhibit an electric telephone in Boston


• 1877 – Thomas Edison patents the phonograph


• 1889 – Almon Strowger patents the direct dial telephone


• 1901 – Guglielmo Marconi transmits radio signals from Cornwall to Newfoundland


• 1906 – Reginald Fessenden used a synchronous rotary-spark transmitter for the first radio program broadcast, from Ocean Bluff-Brant Rock, Massachusetts. Ships at sea heard a broadcast that included Fessenden playing O Holy Night on the violin and reading a passage from the Bible.


• 1914 – teletype intrduced as a news tool The Associated Press introduced the “telegraph typewriter” or teletype into newsrooms in 1914, making transmission of entire ready to read news stories available worldwide.


• 1920 – The first radio news program was broadcast August 31, 1920 by station 8MK in Detroit, Michigan, which survives today as all-news format station WWJ under ownership of the CBS network.


• 1925 – John Logie Baird transmits the first television signal


• 1928 – NBC completed the first permanent coast-to-coast radio network in the United States, linked by telephone circuits


• 1935 – Associated Press launched the Wirephoto network, which allowed transmission of news photographs over telephone lines on the day they were taken.


• 1942 – Hedy Lamarr and George Antheil invent frequency hopping spread spectrum communication technique


• 1946 – The DuMont Television Network, which had begun experimental broadcasts before the war, launched what Newsweek called “the country’s first permanent commercial television network” on August 15, 1946


• 1947 – Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young of Bell Labs proposed a cell-based approach which lead to “cellular phones“


• 1947 – July 27th. The WSR-1 weather surveillance radar, cobbled together from spare parts of the Navy AN/APS-2F radar was put into service in Norfolk, NE. It was later replaced by improved models WSR-3 and WSR-4


• 1948 – Network TV news begins. Launched in February 1948 by NBC, Camel Newsreel Theatre was a 10-minute program anchored by John Cameron Swayze, and featured newsreels from Movietone News. CBS soon followed suit in May 1948 with a 15-minute program, CBS-TV News, anchored by Douglas Edwards and subsequently renamed Douglas Edwards with the News.


• 1948 – The first successful “tornado forecast” issued, and successfully predicted the 1948 Tinker Air Force Base tornadoes which were two tornadoes which struck Tinker Air Force Base in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma on March 20 and March 25.


• In 1953, Donald Staggs, an electrical engineer working for the Illinois State Water Survey, made the first recorded radar observation of a “hook echo” associated with a tornadic thunderstorm.


• 1957 the WSR-57 the first ‘modern’ weather radar, is commissioned by the U.S. Weather Bureau


• 1958 – Chester Carlson presents the first photocopier suitable for office use


• 1960 – TIROS-1 the first successful weather satellite, and the first of a series of Television Infrared Observation Satellites, was launched at 6:40 AM EST[1] on April 1, 1960 from Cape Canaveral, Florida.


• 1962 – The first satellite television signal was relayed from Europe to the Telstar satellite over North America.


• 1963 – First geosynchronous communications satellite is launched, 17 years after Arthur C. Clarke‘s article


• 1963 CBS Evening News establishes the standard 30 minute network news broadcast. On September 2, 1963, the show expanded from 15 to 30 minutes.


• 1966 – Charles Kao realizes that silica-based optical waveguides offer a practical way to transmit light via total internal reflection


• 1967 – The National Hurricane Center is established in the Miami, FL National Weather Service Forecast Office.


• 1969 – The first hosts of ARPANET, Internet‘s ancestor, are connected.


• 1969 – August 14-22 Hurricane Camille, a Category 5 storm, gets widespread network news coverage from correspondents “on the scene”.


• 1969 – Compuserve, and early dialup text based bulletin board system is launched in Columbus, Ohio, serving just that city


• 1971 – Erna Schneider Hoover invented a computerized switching system for telephone traffic.


• 1971 – Ray Tomlinson is generally credited as having sent the first email across a network, initiating the use of the “@” sign to separate the names of the user and the user’s machine.


• 1972 – Radio Shack stores introduce “The Weather Cube”, the first mass marketed weather alert radio. (page 77 here) allowing citizens to get weather forecasts and bulletins in their home for only $14.95


• 1974 April 3rd – WCPO-TV in Cincinnati carries the “Sayler Park Tornado” live on television as it was crossing the Ohio river. It was part of the biggest tornado super outbreak in history. It is the largest tornado outbreak on record for a single 24-hour period. From April 3 to April 4, 1974, there were 148 tornadoes confirmed in 13 US states. Lack of timely warnings demonstrated the need for an expanded NOAA weather radio warning system.


• 1974 – The first Synchronous Meteorological Satellite SMS-1 was launched May 17, followed later by GOES-1 in 1975.


• 1974 the WSR-74 the second modern radar system is put into service at selected National Weather Service office in the United States and exported to other countries.


• 1975 – The Altair 8800, the world’s first home computer kit was introduced in the January edition of popular electronics


• 1975-1976 NOAA Weather Radio network expanded from about 50 transmitters to 330 with a goal of reaching 70 percent of the populace with storm warning broadcasts.


• 1977 – Radio Shack introduces a weather radio with built in automatic alerting that will sound off when the National Weather Service issues an alert on the new expanded NOAA Weather Radio network with over 100 stations. Page 145 here


• 1977 – The Apple II, one of the first highly successful mass-produced home microcomputers was introduced.


• 1978 – NOAA Weather Radio receivers with automatic audio insertion capabilities for radio and TV audio began to become widely installed.


• 1979 – The first commercially automated cellular network (the 1G) was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of Tokyo. Within five years, the NTT network had been expanded to cover the whole population of Japan and became the first nationwide 1G network.


• 1980 – Cable News Network (CNN) is founded by Ted Turner.Upon its launch, CNN was the first channel to provide 24-hour television news coverage, and the first all-news television channel in the United States.


• 1980 - A heatwave hit much of the United States, killing as many as 1,250 people in one of the deadliest heat waves in history.


• 1981 – Home satellite dishes and receivers on C-band start to become widely available.


• 1981 – The IBM Personal Computer aka IBM model number 5150, and was introduced on August 12, 1981, it set a standard for x86 systems still in use today.


• 1982, May 2nd – The Weather Channel (TWC) is launched by John Coleman and Joe D’Aleo with 24 hour broadcasts of computerized weather forecasts and weather-related news.


• 1983 – Sony released the first consumer camcorder—the Betamovie BMC-100P


• 1983 America Online (then as Control Video Corporation, Vienna, Virginia) debuts as a nationwide bulletin board system featuring email.


• 1983 – The first 1G cellular telephone network launched in the USA was Chicago-based Ameritech using the Motorola DynaTAC mobile phone.


• 1984 – The Apple Macintosh computer, with a built in graphical interface, was announced. The Macintosh was introduced by the now famous US$1.5 million Ridley Scott television commercial, “1984“. The commercial most notably aired during the third quarter of Super Bowl XVIII on 22 January 1984 and is now considered a “watershed event”.


• 1985 – Panasonic, RCA, and Hitachi began producing camcorders that recorded to full-sized VHS cassette and offered up to 3 hours of record time. TV news soon began to have video of news and weather events submitted from members of the public.


• 1986 July 18th, KARE-TV in Minneapolis dispatches a news helicopter to catch live video of a tornado in progress, live at 5:13 PM during their news broadcast.


• 1988 – Doppler Radar goes national – the construction of a network consisting of 10 cm (4 in) wavelength radars, called NEXRAD or WSR-88D (Weather Service Radar 1988 Doppler), was started.


• 1989 – Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau built the prototype system which became the World Wide Web at CERN


• 1989 – August Sony announced the Sony ProMavica (Magnetic Video Camera) electronic still camera, considered the first widely available electronic camera able to load images to a computer via floppy disk.


• 1991 – Anders Olsson transmits solitary waves through an optical fiber with a data rate of 32 billion bits per second.


• 1991 – The 1991 Perfect Storm hits New England as a Category 1 hurricane and causes $1 billion dollars in damage. Covered widely in TV and print, it later becomes a movie starring George Clooney.


• 1992 – Neil Papworth sends the first SMS (or text message).


• 1992 – August 16-28 Hurricane Andrew, spotted at sea with weather satellites, is given nearly continuous coverage on CNN and other network news outlets as it approaches Florida. Live TV news via satellite coverage as well as some Internet coverage is offered. It was the first Category 5 hurricane imaged on NEXRAD.


• 1993 – The Great Mississippi Flood was carried on network television as levees breached, millions of viewers watched the flood in real-time and near real-time.


• 1994 – Internet2 organization created


• 1994 – Home satellite service DirecTV launched on June 17th


• 1994 – An initiative by Vice President Gore raised the NOAA Weather Radio warning coverage to 95 percent of the US populace.


• 1995 – The Weather Underground website was launched


• 1995 – DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) began to be implemented in the USA


• 1996 – Home satellite service Dish Network launched on March 4th


• 1996 – Fox News Channel was launched on October 7, 1996 with 24 hour news coverage


• 1996 – The Movie “Twister” was released on May 10, showing the drama and science of severe weather chasing in the USA midwest.


• 1999 – Dr. Kevin Trenberth posts a report and web essay titled The Extreme Weather Events of 1997 and 1998 citing “global greenhouse warming” as a cause. Trenberth recognizes “wider coverage” but dismisses it saying: “While we are indeed exposed to more and ever-wider coverage of the weather, the nature of some of the records being broken suggests a deeper explanation: that real changes are under way.”


• 2002 – Google News page was launched in March. It was later updated to so that users can request e-mail “alerts” on various keyword topics by subscribing to Google News Alerts.


• 2004 – December: A freak snowstorm hits the southernmost parts of Texas and Louisiana, dumping snow into regions that do not normally witness winter snowfall during the hours leading up to December 25 in what is called the 2004 Christmas Eve Snowstorm.


• 2004 – DSL began to become widely accepted in the USA, making broadband Internet connections affordable to most homes.


• 2004 – On November 19, the Website “Real Climate” was introduced, backed by Fenton communications, to sell the idea of climate change from “real scientists”.


• 2004 – December The website “Climate Audit” was launched.


• 2005 – August, Hurricane Katrina caused catastrophic damage along the Gulf Coast of the United States, forcing the effective abandonment of southeastern Louisiana (including New Orleans) for up to 2 months and damaging oil wells that sent gas prices in the U.S. to an all-time record high. Katrina killed at least 1,836 people and caused at least $75 billion US in damages, making it one of the costliest natural disasters of all time. TV viewers worldwide watched the storm strike in real time, Internet coverage was also timely and widespread.


• 2006 – Al Gore’s movie An Inconvenient Truth premiered at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival and opening in New York City and Los Angeles on May 24. It went on to limited theater release and home view DVD. It was the first entertainment film about global warming as a “crisis”, with hurricane Katrina prominently featured as “result” of global warming.


• 2006 – The short instant message service Twitter was launched July 15, 2006


• 2006 – November 17th, Watts Up With That was launched.


• 2007 – The iPhone, with graphics and Twitter instant messaging capabilities was released on June 29, 2007.


• 2007 – The reality show “Storm Chasers” debuts on the Discovery channel on October 17, 2007, showing severe weather pursuit as entertainment.


• 2007 – On October 10th, in Dimmock v Secretary of State for Education and Skills Al Gore’s AIT movie was challenged in a UK court, and found to have nine factual errors. It was the first time “science as movie” had been legally challenged.


• The 2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak was a deadly tornado outbreak affecting the Southern United States and the lower Ohio Valley from February 5 to February 6, 2008. With more than 80 confirmed tornados and 58 deaths, the outbreak was the deadliest in the U.S. since the May 31, 1985 outbreak that killed 76 across Ohio and Pennsylvania. It was widely covered live on US media.


• 2010 – A heat wave in Russia was widely reported by global media as being directly a result of “global warming”. Scientific research from NOAA released later in 2010 and 2011 showed that to be a false claim.


• 2011 – On January 4th, the Pew Research Center released a poll showing that Internet had surpassed television as the preferred source for news, especially among younger people.


• 2011 – March, notice of an Earthquake off the coast of Japan was blogged near real-time thanks to a USGS email message alert before TV news media picked up the story, followed by A Tsunami warning. A Japanese TV news helicopter with live feed was dispatched and showed the Tsunami live as it approached the coast of Japan and hit the beaches. Carried by every major global news outlet lus live streamed on the Internet, it was the first time a Tsunami of this magnitude was seen live on global television before it impacted land.

Compare the reach and speed of communications and news reporting at the beginning of this timeline to the reach and speed of communications and news reporting technology around the beginning of the 20th century. Then compare that to the beginning of the 21st century. Compare again to what we’ve seen in the last 10 years.

Go read the original article to get the embedded links and other relevant material.

Food Crisis 2011

The 2008 food crisis is back because of the Russian heat wave in 2010 and the floods in Australia. Here's a bit from an article in the Washington Post:

Each year, the world demands more grain, and this year the world's farms will not produce it. World food prices have surged above the food crisis levels of 2008. Millions more people will be malnourished, and hundreds of millions who are already hungry will eat less or give up other necessities. Food riots have started again.

Nearly all assessments of the 2008 food crisis assigned biofuels a meaningful role, but much of academia and the media ultimately agreed that the scale of the crisis resulted from a "perfect storm" of causes. Yet this "perfect storm" has re-formed not three years later. We should recognize the ways in which biofuels are driving it.

...

A broad misunderstanding has also arisen from economic models predicting price increases from biofuels that are still far lower than those of the past decade. In fact, these models do not estimate biofuel effects on prices today but those in a future market "equilibrium," which will exist only after farmers have ample time to increase production to match demand. Today, the market is out of equilibrium. Biofuels have grown rapidly, from consuming 2 percent of world grain and virtually no vegetable oil in 2004 to more than 6.5 percent of grain and 8 percent of vegetable oil last year. Governments worldwide seek to triple production of biofuels by 2020, and that implies more moderately high prices after good growing years and soaring prices after bad ones.

And here is a relevant bit from a post by Geoffrey Styles on his Energy Outlook blog:

As long as US harvests were increasing at a rate that kept pace with the growth of ethanol output, thanks to increased cultivation and better yields, that wasn't a zero sum game. Until recently, the corn that went into making ethanol was corn that might not otherwise have been grown. But in a year like this one, when annual ethanol consumption is set to rise by another billion gallons while the corn harvest is 5% smaller than the previous year's, something has to give. In fact, the US Department of Agriculture expects that ethanol plants will take 40% of this season's crop, compared to just 23% in the 2007-8 "market year." That exerts a lot more pressure on corn prices, which are pushing $7 per bushel for the first time since 2008.

If anything, the conclusion of Mr. Searchinger's op-ed downplayed the risks ahead. With output from the nascent cellulosic ethanol industry still minuscule, the EPA will be under tremendous pressure to allow corn ethanol to continue to expand beyond its current 15 billion gallon per year limit under the RFS. That's one reason the industry was pushing so hard to increase the maximum allowable percentage of ethanol in gasoline from 10% to 15%; it needs that headroom to continue expanding output beyond last year's 13 billion gallons. At 20 billion gallons per year--a quantity that I heard one USDA expert suggest several years ago was achievable--ethanol would require the equivalent of 55% of 2009-10's record US corn crop. It's hard to envision that happening without concerns about food vs. fuel rising to a much higher pitch.

The diversion of food to energy production has got to stop. It was an idiotic policy and is now positively deadly in its consequences because of current food shortages. Millions will starve so that the anti-CO2 enthusiasts and the ethanol lobby can go to bed happy each night. But blood will be on their hands. They are murders because they are pushing food prices beyond the ability of the world's poor to pay!

Roy W. Spencer's "Climate Confusion"

This is an excellent book. Roy Spencer is a climatologist, a Principal Research Scientist for the University of Alabama in Huntsville, the U.S. Science Team Leader for the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) on NASA’s Aqua satellite, and he has served as senior scientist for climate studies at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. So he speaks as an expert in climate in this book. But the good news is that this book is fully accessible to the general reader. Spencer has not included details of the science. He stays at the level of principles and policy.

He gets at the crux of the problem with climate models: they assume a positive feedback loop that will drive the climate to extremes. He points out that there is nothing in the science to support this. His own intuition is that the climate system is robust and has negative feeback loops to keep it stable. Here's his argument in a nutshell:

The increase in water vapor expected with global warming has more confidence among climate modelers than any other change. The conventional wisdom is that the warming tendency at the Earth's surface caused by the extra carbon dioxide will result in faster evaporation of water, and thus a humidifying of the atmosphere. Since water vapor is the atmosphere's dominant greenhouse gas, this would in turn amplify the warming. All of the dozen or so major climate models that are used to predict global warming behave in this way.

There are, however, a couple of reasons to question the strength of this amplification of the warming by water vapor.

First, the greenhouse effect due to water vapor is not controlled by the surface evaporation, but by precipitation systems. The amount of water vapor in the middle and upper troposphere -- the atmospheric layers that contribue most to the natural geenhouse effect -- is controlled by complex processes in precipitation systems. Even though surface evaporation tries to fill the atmosphere up with water vapor, precipitation does not allow that to happen. At typical evaporation rates, it would take onl a week or so for the atmosphere to approach saturation (100 percent relative humidity).

Instead, near-surface relative humidities average closer to 70 percent, and in the subtropical high pressure zones at an altitude of a couple of miles, relative humidities can be astonishingly dry: 5 percent or less. Preciptiation systems, in effect limit the natural greenhouse effect -- most likely, in proportion to how much sunlight is available.

Since the water vapor content of tghe atmosphere, and thus the natural greenhouse effect, are under the control of precipitation processes in clouds, we cannot really know how much the atmospheric water vapor content will rise with the CO2-induced warming tendency without also knowing how precipitation systems will change with warming in their efficiency at removing water vapor from the atmosphere.

And it just so happens that the controls on precipitation efficiency are probably the least understood of any atmospheric process. And that wich we do not understand, we tend to downplay in importance. We can't include a process in a climate model that we cannot quantify.

In short, the climate models used to set policy are fatally flawed. They don't include precipitation systems. Spencer expects this to be a negative feedback loop which will prevent runaway global warming. But the science hasn't been done. So the models don't handle this fact.

Elsewhere he talks a bit about why he expects precipitation systems to provide a negative feedback:

Since previous theoretical work has indicated that an increase in precipitation efficiency results in cooler climate with (somewhat counterintuitively) less precipitation, we know that the climate system has at least this one thermostatic control mechanism at its disposal -- if it chooses to use it. If such a mechanism is indeed in operation, the net effect of manmade greenhouse gases wouldn't even be able to measure it. A small increase in precipitation efficiency in response to the warming tendency from extra carbon dioxide would potentially result in no measurable change in either temperature or precipitation. Most of the changes will have occurred inside precipitation systems, where the mysteries of climate sensitivity are kept hidden from our weather sensors.

The foregoing examples and arguments represent one possible climate stabilizing mechanism which I present as a hypothesis. It is not entirely original, as it buildsw upon the published work of others. While far from being proved, it is still consistent with much of our conceptual understanding of how the atmosphere operates. I would expect that there are other possible climate stabilization mechanisms as well which I have not considered here.

Chapters in the book are dedicated to showing how various parties have inducements to oversell doomsday scenarios. Together these parties have created a mutual admiration society that reinforce each other:

The overconfidence of some scientists, along with the underlying motives o9f environmentalists, politicians, and the media, is leading to some impatience with the views of global warming skeptics. As a result of the apparent nobility of their mission to spread the truth of imminent global warming catastrophe, some environmentalists and reporters have started to demonize those who would dare to disagree with them. At this writing, a Google search for the phrase "climate change denial" now returns over 70,000 web pages.

Calling someone a global warming denier implies that global warming skeptics do not believe in global warming. But this charge is completely false. I know of no skeptics who deny that global warming has happened. In this way, those whose agendas are so important to them that they cannot simply let the facts speak for themselves are no resorting to intimidation, under the guise of "good science."

Extreme statements like "all reputable scientists believe in global warming" are, at best, misleading. At worst, they are propaganda. The purpose of such statements is to cast ad hominem insults in an effort to discredit others with opposing viewpoints. If you don't agree with the majority of scientists, you are a crackpot, or a denier of the holocaust or the dangers of tobacco. This is a favorite techniuqe in the propagandists' bag of tricks.

Read this book is you want a skeptic's viewpoint. Spencer monitors the earth's temperature with his AMSR-E sensor. He knows what he is talking about. Monthly on his web he posts the temperature of the whole earth, the tropics, and each of the northern and southern hemispheres. He is not a crackpot. And I truly believe that in 20 years people will come to see him and the skeptics are the true scientists of this era. The many modelers will be discredited. (Read the book to understand how these scientists can be led astray!)

One final word: read the book because it is fun. Spencer has a light touch and a sense of humour. He has written a book on a most serious subject but in a way that you can easily learn the essentials in a day and find yourself chuckling as you read his account. The book is insightful. It is authoritatitive. It should be read by everyone.

Taking Weather Seriously

I've always been fascinated by weather. I love to use webcams and government sites to check weather around the world. One of my favourites is Kimmirut, Nunavut, Canada, a tiny of 400 people in Canada's north. They have a wonderful weather website that features a big picture of the a road from the town leading down to a small bay. It has gobs of data and graphs. They have a satellite view of North America, a lovely graphic for the week's weather prediction from Environment Canada, big charts and graphs for local conditions, a graphic for the phases of the moon and sunrise & sunset, and links to historical data. It is an absolutely stunning site. And when you realize it is a tiny little community of 400 people, you are amazed. Somebody in that town is a first class weather fanatic and wants to share his fascination.

Take a peek: here.